Rounds
High-Level Design Round
System design assessment covering distributed systems, scalability, and architectural trade-offs
Overview
The HLD round assesses a candidate's ability to design large-scale distributed systems. Expect to whiteboard architecture diagrams, discuss trade-offs between consistency and availability, and reason about failure modes.
Round Structure (60 min)
| Time | Phase | Signals |
|---|---|---|
| 0-5 min | Problem & Scope | Asks about scale, users, SLAs |
| 5-15 min | High-Level Architecture | Identifies core components quickly |
| 15-35 min | Deep Dive | Data model, API contracts, storage choices |
| 35-50 min | Scaling & Reliability | Sharding, replication, failure handling |
| 50-60 min | Trade-offs & Monitoring | CAP awareness, observability |
Scoring Rubric
| Dimension | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scoping | No questions; wrong assumptions | Some clarification | Good scoping; identifies MVP | Expert scoping; phased approach |
| Architecture | Monolith with no reasoning | Basic client-server | Appropriate microservices split | Elegant; justified component boundaries |
| Data Design | No data model discussion | Basic schema, wrong DB choice | Good schema + justified DB selection | Polyglot persistence; access pattern driven |
| Scalability | No awareness of scale | Mentions caching/LB | Concrete sharding + replication strategy | Back-of-envelope math; bottleneck analysis |
| Reliability | No failure discussion | Acknowledges failures | Discusses retries, circuit breakers | Chaos engineering mindset; graceful degradation |
Popular HLD Problems
- Design URL Shortener (TinyURL)
- Design Twitter / News Feed
- Design WhatsApp / Chat System
- Design YouTube / Video Streaming
- Design Uber / Ride Sharing
- Design Notification System
- Design Rate Limiter (distributed)
- Design Search Autocomplete
- Design Distributed Cache
- Design Payment System